Chapter 014

Local Anesthetics

Daniel A. Haas and Christine Quinn

GENERAL REFERENCES

  1. Armstrong CM: Na channel inactivation from open and closed states, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:17991–17996, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Berde CB, Strichartz GR: Local anesthetics. In Miller RD, editor: Miller’s anesthesia, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2005, Churchill Livingstone.
  3. Catterall W.A., Mackie K.. Local Anesthetics. In Brunton. Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.
  4. Ciancio SG, Hutcheson MC, Ayoub F, Pantera Jr EA, Pantera CT, Garlapo DA, Sobieraj BD, Almubarak SA: Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Nasal Spray for Maxillary Dental Anesthesia, JDR 92(suppl 7):S43–S48, July 2013. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO, Carr DB, et al.: Cousins and Bridenbaugh’s neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and pain medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2008, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  6. Liu SS, Joseph Jr RS: Local anesthetics. In Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, editors: Clinical anesthesia, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  7. Local anesthetics. In Strichartz GR, editor: Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol. 81. Berlin, 1987, Springer-Verlag.
  8. Persson G: General side effects of local dental anaesthesia, Acta Odontol Scand Suppl 53:1–140, 1969. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Robertson D, Nusstein J, Reader A, Beck M, McCartney M: The anesthetic efficacy of articaine in buccal infiltration of mandibular posterior teeth, JADA 138:1104–1112, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Strichartz GR, Sanchez V, Arthur GR, et al.: Fundamental properties of local anesthetics, II: measured octanol/buffer partition coefficients and pKa values of clinically used drugs, Anesth Analg 71:158–170, 1990. PUBMED Abstract