Chapter 048

Management of Fear and Anxiety

Daniel A. Haas

CITED REFERENCES

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  2. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs and Committee on Environmental Health: Use of chloral hydrate for sedation in children. Pediatrics 92:471-473, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  3. American Dental Association: Guidelines for teaching the comprehensive control of anxiety and pain in dentistry, Chicago, 2007, American Dental Association. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Ayer WA Jr, Domoto PK, Gale EN, et al: Overcoming dental fear: strategies for its prevention and management. J Am Dent Assoc 107:18-27, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, editors: Clinical anesthesia, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2005, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  6. Becker DE, Bennett CR: Intravenous and intramuscular sedation. In Dionne RA, Phero JC, Becker DE, editors: Management of pain and anxiety in the dental office, Philadelphia, 2002, Saunders.
  7. Bennett CR: Dissociative-sedation: a new concept. Compendium 11:34, 36-38, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Berggren U, Meynert G: Dental fear and avoidance: causes, symptoms, and consequences. J Am Dent Assoc 109:247-251, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Berthold CW, Schneider A, Dionne RA: Using triazolam to reduce dental anxiety. J Am Dent Assoc 124:58-64, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Bissonnette B, Swan H, Ravussin P, et al: Neuroleptanesthesia: current status. Can J Anesth 46:154-168, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Chanpong B, Haas DA, Locker D: Need and demand for sedation or general anesthesia in dentistry: a national survey of the Canadian population. Anesth Prog 52:3-11, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Clark M, Brunick A: Handbook of nitrous oxide and oxygen sedation, ed 3, St Louis, 2008, Mosby.
  13. Corah NL, Gale EN, Illig SJ: Assessment of a dental anxiety scale. J Am Dent Assoc 97:816-819, 1978. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Coté CJ: Sedation for the pediatric patient: a review. Pediatr Clin North Am 41:31-58, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Coté CJ, Karl HW, Notterman DA, et al: Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: analysis of medications used for sedation. Pediatrics 106:633-644, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Coté CJ, Notterman DA, Karl HW, et al: Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: a critical incident analysis of contributing factors. Pediatrics 105:805-814, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  17. DeFord WH: Lectures on general anesthetics in dentistry, Kansas City, MO, 1908, John T Nolde.
  18. Dionne RA, Driscoll EJ, Gelfman SS, et al: Cardiovascular and respiratory response to intravenous diazepam, fentanyl, and methohexital in dental outpatients. J Oral Surg 39:343-349, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Dionne RA, Gift HC: Drugs used for parenteral sedation in dental practice. Anesth Prog 35:199-205, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Dionne RA, Goldstein DS, Wirdzek PR: Effects of diazepam premedication and epinephrine-containing local anesthetic on cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to oral surgery. Anesth Analg 63:640-646, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Dionne RA, Gordon SM, McCullagh LM, et al: Assessing the need for anesthesia and sedation in the general population. J Am Dent Assoc 129:167-173, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Dionne RA, Yagiela JA, Moore PA, et al: Comparing efficacy and safety of four intravenous sedation regimens in dental outpatients. J Am Dent Assoc 132:740-751, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Dionne RA, Yagiela JA, Coté CJ, et al: Balancing efficacy and safety for the use of oral sedation in dental outpatients, J Am Dent Assoc 137:502-513, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Gift H: Issues to consider in the control of acute pain, fear and anxiety. In Dionne RA, Phero JC, editors: Management of pain and anxiety in dental practice, New York, 1991, Elsevier Science.
  25. Goodson JM, Moore PA: Life-threatening reactions after pedodontic sedation: an assessment of narcotic, local anesthetic, and antiemetic drug interaction. J Am Dent Assoc 107:239-245, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Shapiro L, et al: Sensitivity to triazolam in the elderly. N Engl J Med 324:1691-1698, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Haas DA, Nenniger SA, Yacobi R, et al: A pilot study of the efficacy of oral midazolam for sedation in paediatric dental patients. Anesth Prog 43:1-8, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Hersh EV: Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: interactions involving antibiotics. J Am Dent Assoc 130:236-251, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Jackson DL, Milgrom P, Heacox GA, et al: Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of multidose sublingual triazolam in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26:4-8, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  30. James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, et al: Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr 80:1611-1617, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Jastak JT, Orendurff D: Recovery from nitrous sedation. Anesth Prog 22:113-116, 1975. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Jastak JT, Pallasch T: Death after chloral hydrate sedation: report of case. J Am Dent Assoc 116:345-348, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Jastak JT, Peskin RM: Major morbidity or mortality from office anesthetic procedures: a closed-claim analysis of 13 cases. Anesth Prog 38:39-44, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Katz J, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN, et al: Preemptive analgesia: clinical evidence of neuroplasticity contributing to postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 77:439-446, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Kaufman E, Hargreaves KM, Dionne RA: Comparison of oral triazolam and nitrous oxide with placebo and intravenous diazepam for outpatient premedication. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 75:156-164, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Kleinknecht RA, Thorndike RM, McGlynn FD, et al: Factor analysis of the dental fear survey with cross-validation. J Am Dent Assoc 108:59-61, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Korttila K, Ghoneim MM, Jacobs L, et al: Time course of mental and psychomotor effects of 30 per cent N2O during inhalation and recovery. Anesthesiology 54:220-226, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Krippaehne JA, Montgomery MT: Morbidity and mortality from pharmacosedation and general anesthesia in the dental office. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50:691-698, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Leelataweedwud P, Vann WF: Adverse events and outcomes of conscious sedation for pediatric patients: study of an oral sedation regimen. J Am Dent Assoc 132:1531-1539, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Liddell A: Personality characteristics versus medical and dental experiences of dentally anxious children. J Behav Med 13:183-194, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Liddell A, Ackerman C, Locker D: What dental phobics say about their dental experiences. J Can Dent Assoc 56:863-866, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Lytle JJ, Stamper EP: The 1988 survey of the Southern California Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:834-842, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Malamed SF: Sedation: a guide to patient management, ed 4, St Louis, 2003, Mosby.
  44. Martone CH, Nagelhout J, Wolf SM: Methohexital: a practical review for outpatient dental anesthesia. Anesth Prog 38:195-199, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  45. McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Moore RA: Postoperative orthopaedic pain—the effect of opiate premedication and local anaesthetic blocks. Pain 33:291-295, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Merskey H: Pain terms: a list with definitions and notes on usage. Pain 6:249-252, 1979. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Milgrom P, Coldwell SE, Getz T, et al: Four dimensions of fear of dental injections. J Am Dent Assoc 128:756-762, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Milgrom P, Weinstein P, Kleinknecht R, et al: Treating fearful dental patients: a patient management handbook, Reston, VA, 1995, Reston.
  49. Mills MP: Periodontal implications: anxiety. Ann Periodontol 1:358-389, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Moore PA, Houpt M: Sedative drug therapy in pediatric dentistry. In Dionne RA, Phero JC, editors: Management of pain and anxiety in dental practice, New York, 1991, Elsevier Science.
  51. Nkansah PJ, Haas DA, Saso JA: Mortality incidence in outpatient anesthesia for dentistry in Ontario. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83:646-651, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Ogawa S, Seino H, Ito H, et al: Intravenous sedation with low-dose dexmedetomidine: its potential for use in dentistry. Anesth Prog 55:82-88, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Oei-Lim LB, Vermeulen-Cranch DME, Bouvy-Berends ECM: Conscious sedation with propofol in dentistry. Br Dent J 170:340-342, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Pawlicki RE: Psychological/behavioral techniques in managing pain and anxiety in the dental patient. In Dionne RA, Phero JC, editors: Management of pain and anxiety in dental practice, New York, 1991, Elsevier Science. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Poswillo DE: General anaesthesia, sedation and resuscitation in dentistry. Report of an expert working party, London, 1990, Standing Dental Advisory Committee.
  56. Rothschild AJ: Disinhibition, amnestic reactions, and other adverse reactions secondary to triazolam: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl):69-79, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Rubin JG, Slovin M, Krochak M: The psychodynamics of dental anxiety and dental phobia. Dent Clin North Am 32:647-656, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Schou Olesen A, Hüttel MS: Local reactions to i.v. diazepam in three different formulations. Br J Anaesth 52:609-611, 1980. PUBMED Abstract
  59. Scott DS, Hirschman R: Psychological aspects of dental anxiety in adults. J Am Dent Assoc 104:27-31, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Selzer RR, Rosenblatt DS, Laxova R, et al: Adverse effect of nitrous oxide in a child with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. N Engl J Med 349:45-50, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Smith TA, Heaton LJ: Fear of dental care: are we making any progress? J Am Dent Assoc 134:1101-1108, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  62. Stewart KG, Rowbottom SJ, Aitken AW, et al: Oral ketamine premedication for paediatric cardiac surgery—a comparison with intramuscular morphine (both after oral trimeprazine). Anaesth Intensive Care 18:11-14, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Trapp LD: Pharmacologic management of pain and anxiety. In Stewart RE, Barber TK, Troutman KC, et al, editors: Pediatric dentistry: scientific foundations and clinical practice, St Louis, 1982, Mosby.
  64. Upton LG, Robert RC Jr: Hazard in administering nitrous oxide analgesia: report of case. J Am Dent Assoc 94:696-697, 1977. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Vaughn RL, Bennett CR: Fentanyl chest wall rigidity syndrome—a case report. Anesth Prog 28:50-51, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Weiner AA: Dental anxiety: differentiation, identification and behavioral management. J Can Dent Assoc 58:580-585, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  67. Wong MKS, Jacobsen PL: Reasons for local anesthesia failures. J Am Dent Assoc 123:69-73, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Woolf CJ, Chong M-S: Preemptive analgesia—treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg 77:362-379, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  69. Yagiela JA: Making patients safe and comfortable for a lifetime of dentistry: frontiers in office-based sedation. J Dent Educ 65:1348-1356, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

GENERAL REFERENCES

  1. American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry: Guideline for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, Adopted 2006. Available at: http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/G_Sedation.pdf. Accessed January 11, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  2. American Dental Association: Guidelines for the use of sedation and general anesthesia by dentists, Adopted 2007. Available at: http://www.ada.org/prof/resources/positions/statements/anesthesia_guidelines.pdf. Accessed January 11, 2010.
  3. Clark M, Brunick A: Handbook of nitrous oxide and oxygen sedation, ed 3, St Louis, 2008, Mosby.
  4. Dionne RA, Phero JC, Becker DE, editors: Management of pain and anxiety in the dental office, Philadelphia, 2002, Saunders.
  5. Malamed SF: Sedation: a guide to patient management, ed 4, St Louis, 2003, Mosby.